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In studying Misdiagnosis, we need first to learn the topography, that is, the divisions of the iris.
Nearly every iris researcher has tried to evolve something special for himself, with the result that varying perceptions and interpretations are current. With goodwill, all might be reconciled.
These differences are inevitable, for one investigator had no academic training, and presented his observations in the language that was familiar to him, while others had already studied medicine and made use of scientific qualifications. Some considered the colour changes more (Liljequist), while others were chiefly concerned with the location of signs (Peczely). It should also not be forgotten that many signs may appear according to the locality, and in consequence of nutritional and climatic influences.
This article will endeavour to present the best, the most useful, and generally considered most important information from all systems. What is the most important?
If one wishes to commence something it is usual to make a plan, either on paper or at least in the head. We shall also do so. For the purpose, the iris is divided radially and circularly.
Radial division: The pupil is surrounded by a circular formation—the iris. We will begin with the radial division of this circle.
The figure shows three possibilities—division of the iris into minutes, hours and degrees. The division into degrees 1-360 is too small for the purpose. The hourly division 1-12 is indeed familiar to everyone, but is rather crude for the precise location of iris signs, whereas the radial division into minutes 1-60 is suitable for all purposes. For those who wish to keep to the degree or hourly division it will suffice, but in this book, the 1-60 division will be followed.
Circular division: Now note the second most important aspect of iris topography, namely, the circular division. From the pupil to the outer border of the iris the area is divided by concentric rings. Each of these divisions is called a Zone.
In comparing the available literature in this respect we find considerable differences. Not only are many zones specified, but their names are very different. Peczely names three zones—a stomach, an intestine and an outer zone. He speaks, however, of regions. This division, with slight differences, is also given by Felke, Hense, Anderschou, Collins, Kronen-berger, Baumhauer and Maubach. Vannier, Wirz and Kritzer specify only two regions. Schnabel mentions three zones. However, he names as the first zone the one he calls the ‘Neurasthenic ring’, as the second the stomach, and as the third the intestinal zone. Frau Pastor Madaus, Frau Eva Flink and Struck divide the iris into three large zones or six small regions—or as we would now say—zones. Dr. Bernard Jensen of California also names six regions, not including the pupillary margin. Thiel is a particular exception, he has specified several narrow and wide rings in his system. In connection with this, there are also various interpretations.
In this article the division of the iris according to Frau Eva Flink will be adopted, using the designation Zone. Passing to the consideration of the iris structure, we note immediately around the pupil a fine dark-to-light brown border which is quite narrow, and which we designate: Pupillary margin. The real objective of observation is the ‘edge’ around the pupil. The alternative term—Neurasthenic ring—was coined by Rudolph Schnabel. Colour changes and organic lesions of this ring indicate disturbances of the central nervous system.
The iris itself is divided into three major, or six minor equal zones. On examination of the iris a particularly striking change in the course of the iris fibres is noticed. This interruption in the course of the fibres, which normally includes about one-third of the iris, is called the Iris-wreath. On close examination we find this first one-third division, i.e. the first major zone, normally subdivided, and including the first and second minor zones. This part of the iris is also known as the pupillary zone. If the iris-wreath is not visible, then one has to reckon with pathological disturbances.
The further division of the outer two-thirds of the iris, also called the ciliary zone, is less striking in terms of change in the iris fibres. However, this area is arbitrarily divided into two major, i.e. four minor equal zones. That it is important to examine the iris according to this division will be seen later from the study of the positions of the organ and disease signs.
This scheme of division was first introduced by Frau Pastor Madaus in her system. Frau Eva Flink and Colleague Struck also made use of the same schema. If we bear in mind the three major and six minor zones, as seen in a normal iris, there will be less likelihood of misinterpretation. The First Major Zone contains the organs of food preparation and resorption:
First minor zone—stomach.
Second minor zone—intestines.
The Second Major Zone contains the organs of transport and utilisation, with elimination through the kidneys:
Third minor zone—blood and lymph vessels.
Fourth minor zone—muscular system.
In this zone we also have the positions for the organs: heart, kidneys, adrenals, pancreas and gall-bladder.
The Third Major Zone contains the organs for body support and ultimate utilisation, including detoxication and elimination:
Fifth minor zone—skeletal system.
Sixth minor zone—skin.
Detoxication: liver and spleen. Elimination: through nose, mouth, urethra, anus and total skin.
Sectoral division: Besides the division into zones, it is necessary to define the exact position of individual organs. For this purpose, the iris is divided into sections by drawing lines from the outer border to the pupil. Frau Madaus writes in her article on this method:
The division of the iris into one-half, quarter, eighth, and sixteenth, including the
‘change-over’ and insertions, establishes the mathematical structure and harmonic relations of Misdiagnosis in general. Each division shows a front and back or sideview of the body. Furthermore, it establishes as lying diametrically opposite each other, that which naturally belongs and functions together.
In these words, the so-called ‘change-over’ is explained.
If a diagram of the iris is divided into four equal quadrants by a vertical line drawn from top to bottom, and a horizontal line drawn from right to left, the body divisions belonging together will not be under one another, but opposite each other.
Thus, in the iris, the areas for face and neck lie in the upper nasal quadrant, chest and abdomen in the lower temporal quadrant. Occiput and clavicle lie in the upper temporal, and the back in the lower nasal quadrant. In other words: by ‘change-over’ one understands that the front view of the body lies in the upper half of the iris nasalwards, and in the lower half of the iris temporal wards. Correspondingly, the posterior body lies in the upper half of the iris temporalwards (laterally) and in the lower half of the iris nasalwards (medially).
The above will have clarified the concept of ‘change-over’, so let us pass on to consider the above-mentioned dividing lines and their interpretation.
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Any woman who has suffered for any length of time from the sharp pain of the cramps or the prolonged difficulty of the aching miseries, will tell you that she’s had to organize her life round her periods. Whether we like it or not, the majority of us aren’t such free agents as men are. There are lots of times when a woman can live and work as she pleases, but for anything from a couple of days a month to nearly half of her life, she has to plan ahead, restrict her activities and make choices. There are also choices to be made when it comes to treating the symptoms, as you may have noticed already.
Dragging pain and fatigue-You may find that the two exercises you have been practising to ease the pain are just too exhausting when you start to lose your energy. I certainly wouldn’t recommend you even attempt dry land swimming when you’re feeling tired, because that is exhausting in the best of circumstances. But you might find that you can manage the pelvic rock providing you don’t do it for very long. Stop as soon as you are tired and rest afterwards. In fact, several short sessions will do as much good as one long one. But if your fatigue is extreme, and even getting up in the morning is too much effort, then you might decide to try to ease your pain with relaxation, hot water bottles and rest rather than activity.
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Symptoms: runny nose; low-grade fever; severe, strangling (“whooping”) cough followed by vomiting of mucus.
Home care:
Make sure your child is adequately immunized against whooping cough.
Isolate the child from other young children.
If the vomiting is severe, feed the child small meals several times a day.
Precautions
- Whooping cough is often fatal in infants. All infants should be immunized against this disease.
- Whooping cough is more common than many parents and doctors believe, and 90 percent of cases are never diagnosed.
- A child who has been exposed to whooping cough should see a doctor.
- A mild cough may indicate mild whooping cough, which the child can spread to others.
- Any cough that is getting progressively worse after two weeks should be brought to the attention of your doctor.
- Whooping cough is highly contagious and the infected child should be kept away from other people.
- Whooping cough can be caused by several germs, and the disease caused by one type does not give immunity against the others.
Whooping cough is a highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, usually caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, but sometimes by Bordetella parapertussis or Bordetella bronchiseptica. Whooping cough caused by one organism does not provide immunity against whooping cough caused by other germs, and the vaccine that’s available provides immunity only against infection from the most common organism, Bordetella pertussis. The incubation period – the time it takes for symptoms to develop once the child has been exposed to the disease – is seven to 14 days. Whooping cough can be serious in infants under one year, and as many as 50 percent of these infants die. Newborns are not immune.
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Routine tests for a newborn baby
Certain tests are done on each new baby to check for abnormalities. Many minor problems can be taken care of before the baby leaves the hospital. Others can be treated by the parents at home. Some other problems that appear at birth must be detected early so that they can be corrected before they become serious.
One test that is required in most states is a screening test on samples of the baby’s blood and urine to check for PKU, or phenylketonuria. This rare disorder can cause brain damage and mental retardation. But, if it is detected right away, changes can be made in the baby’s diet to prevent such damage. Other routine tests may be done as well, depending on where you live. Your doctor may recommend additional tests.
Special supplies and equipment
Before you bring your baby home, you will want to have everything you need on hand.
Clothes. A newborn baby usually needs only nappies and soft nightgowns for sleeping and extra sheets or blankets. Overdressing a baby can cause heat rash. Babies spit up on and otherwise dirty their clothes, sometimes many times a day, so be sure you have plenty. You don’t want to spend all your time washing.
Skin cleaner. Many doctors recommend using just a mild soap and water to keep your baby clean. Do not use oils, lotions, or powders; clear water is best. A baby’s skin can be very sensitive, and scented products can be irritating. Some babies are allergic to certain lotions and creams.
Bed. You can use a cradle or bassinet for a new baby, but a cot will work just as well and save the investment in a smaller bed that the baby will soon outgrow. Choose a cot with one side that drops, so that you can easily reach the baby. Make sure the catch is out of the baby’s reach; it won’t be long before the child is standing up in bed. Also, be sure the rails are close enough together so that the baby’s head won’t fit through them.
Mattress. The mattress should be firm, and covered with a plastic sheet. Put a regular fitted sheet over the plastic cover. Make sure the mattress is no more than 1 centimeter from the sides of the cot, so the baby can’t get wedged into the crack.
Toys. Babies like toys that are brightly colored. Soft toys are safest in the early months. Avoid sharp edges. Remember that soon everything will go into the baby’s mouth, so be sure toys are safe and washable. Mobiles and music boxes are interesting and stimulating, but be sure they are either out of reach or safe for the baby to touch.
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I have read some alarming things about diabetes. Are these true?
Books can be misleading. Sometimes they have been written many years ago and not been properly brought up to date. This means that they do not contain recent knowledge and there is no doubt that we know a lot more about diabetes than we did in earlier days. Many of the problems which used to be encountered can now be helped and are no longer such a worry. If you do read something which seems alarming, you should discuss it with your doctor.
I have heard that diabetes can have ‘complications’. What are these?
A. These are seldom a worry in childhood, but it is true that some people, as they grow older, develop other problems of health due to their diabetes. Some of these could have been prevented, or would have been less troublesome, if the diabetes had been more carefully looked after. On the other hand, some problems may develop despite every care. Not everyone has these complications, and it is probable that as a result of the enormous amount of research in progress, we may one day be able to prevent them completely. The important complications that you may hear about are as follows:
1. Poor circulation in the legs with slow healing sores
You may also have heard of old people developing ‘gangrene’ of the feet. This can be a problem in old age but trouble can be avoided by proper care of the feet. This means keeping feet clean and dry and treating minor cuts and sores promptly and properly.
It is important to cut toe-nails correctly and have ingrowing toe-nails looked after properly. Always be sure shoes are a good fit. With these measures, and careful control of the diabetes, there is no reason why gangrene should ever develop.
2. Impaired vision or blindness
It is true that some persons with diabetes develop poor vision as they get older. We think that good diabetic control may help minimize this, and only a small number of people are likely to be seriously affected. There are some forms of treatment available for those with diabetes who show signs of eye complications, and sometimes these are very effective in preventing blindness. There is a lot of research work being done at present to study the way the blood vessels of the eye are affected by diabetes and how we can maintain good vision. The very early signs of eye problems can be detected by tests that photograph the back of the eye.
3. Kidney trouble
Once again, as with visual disorders, some people do get kidney disorders later in life as a result of diabetes. It would be surprising if modern research does not point the way in the next few years to the prevention of this.
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Cancer is bad cells, pure and simple. Something goes wrong with the DNA, and eventually, a fast-growing collection of toxin-spewing, energy-absorbing, organ-destroying cells have begun to take over some part of your body. It can start just about anywhere, from your brain to your testicles, and end up just about anywhere else. Once cancer starts to migrate from its place of birth (a process known as metastasis), it’s hard to treat.
Your mission is to keep all that stuff from happening. Some of the risk factors, such as heredity and age, are out of your hands. But- and hear this well-most are not. Nearly two-thirds of cancer deaths in the United States are caused by factors entirely within your control. And guess what? Those controllable factors are none other than the usual suspects-smoking, a lousy diet, and a lack of exercise.
Studies have shown fairly clearly that obese men run a higher risk of at least colorectal and prostate cancer. Know that about 31 percent of American men are overweight (that is, 20 or more percent above their ideal weight) and you start to get the picture. What’s more, the extra pounds may affect men more than women, probably because men tend to carry the fat in their abdomen, where it’s more biologically active.
One way you get fat is by eating fat, especially animal fat. Not only does fat intake put you on the fast track to obesity but also there are strong indications that foods high in animal fat, such as dairy foods and red meat, increase your risk for a number of cancers, including prostate, colorectal, and even non-melanoma skin cancer.
Another way you get fat is through inactivity. It’s also another way you get cancer, especially colorectal cancer
Now to smoking. What don’t you already know about smoking’s sinister deeds? How about this: Smoking causes a whopping 30 percent of all cancer mortality, but not only because it’s responsible for more than 90 percent of lung cancer deaths. If you smoke, you also increase your risk for oral, esophagus, pancreas, larynx, bladder, and kidney cancers. And there’s newer evidence linking it to prostate and colon cancer, the latter in a special way. “Smoking seems to be an ‘early’ risk factor for colon cancer,” says Dr. Edward Giovannucci of Harvard Medical School. “If you’re smoking at age 20, that may not show up as a risk factor for colon cancer until age 60 or 70, whether you quit or not.”
So smoking, eating junk food, getting fat, and being lazy aren’t merely abstractions that are “bad for your health,” whatever that means. They can cause cancer. Put another way, not smoking, eating well, staying trim, and exercising are real things you can do to help prevent cancer.
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The comparatively recent “discovery” of the sleep apnoea syndromes and the heightened community awareness of problematic snoring has given rise to the misconception that it is an entirely new phenomenon, an affliction of the modern era like repetitive strain injury (RSI) suffered by computer keyboard operators. In fact snoring has been with us for centuries, but only recently has the technology been available to investigate the sleeping patient in a way that will not result in sleep disruption.
Unfortunately we will never know whether pre-historic man was a snorer but, with some exercise of the imagination, it is not difficult to picture our cave dwelling ancestors sharing this attribute with modern man. Snoring has been observed in animal species other than man, the most notorious being the easily recognizable brachycephalic or short nosed breeds of dogs such as the bulldogs, pugs and Pekingese; admirable dogs in many respects but with an unfortunate predisposition to respiratory problems. Laboured breathing after exercise, frequent infections and snoring all result from a distorted airway, particularly the elongation of the soft palate, a part of the airway which plays a crucial role in the development of snoring in both man and beast.
Some of the greatest writers and poets are responsible for the earliest references to snoring. Homer, the ancient Greek poet, believed to have lived around 800 B.C. wrote in his epic work, The Odyssey: “Then nodding with the fumes of wine, Dropt his huge head, and snoring lay supine.” ‘The great writers obviously knew something about the relationship between alcohol, sedatives and snoring, as William Shakespeare was to write in Macbeth (1605): “The surfeited Groomes doe mock their charge with snores. I have drugg’d their Possets.” Again from Shakespeare, and with a touch of artistic license in The Tempest: “Thou do’st snore distinctly, There’s meaning in thy snores.” Perhaps the most celebrated snorer appears in the pages of Charles Dickens’ novel, The Pickwick Papers (1837) as the fat boy Joe who was forever nodding off to sleep. Dickens’ portrayal of young Joe made an impression on the medical world, as the Pickwickian Syndrome became synonymous with obese and excessively sleepy patients which probably represented an early recognition of the sleep apnoea syndromes.
Snoring has not only provided subject material for poets, playwrights and novelists for centuries, but has without doubt been keenly observed by the medical profession for at least the same period of time. The very first volume of the British Medical Journal (1889) published a letter on the subject of snoring which, although somewhat dated by the quaint prose of the nineteenth century, recognized the effects of nasal obstruction and alcohol, and alluded to the sleep disturbance associated with severe snoring.
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If you develop breast pain for which there is no obvious cause, and you cannot detect any swelling in the breast, it may first be worth checking that you are wearing a correctly fitting bra. Specialists see many women whose bras are too small or too large and are causing them considerable discomfort or failing to provide support for their breasts. Good lingerie departments in large department stores and specialist shops have trained staff who will measure you for the right size of bra, and many of whom have experience in assisting women to find well-fitting bras following breast surgery. Bras of sizes outside the normal manufactured range which cannot be ordered by shops can be specially made. A breast care nurse, consultant, or someone in the appliance department at your local hospital should be able to give you advice and information about where to obtain these. After gaining or losing weight, you will need a larger or smaller bra, but many women continue to wear the same size for many years, even though their dress size may have altered.
How to measure yourself for a bra
It is quite simple to measure yourself for a bra if you prefer not to be measured by someone else, or if you want to check that the bra you are wearing is right for you.
1 First, with your bra removed, measure around your back and across your ribs, with the tape measure passing under your bust. If the measurement (in inches) is an even number, add 4 to obtain your bra size. If the measurement is uneven, add 5.
For example:
actual measurement = 31 inches
add 5 (as this is an uneven number) = 36. (1)
Therefore, your correct bra size is 36 inches.
2 Next, measure from the centre of your spine, under your arm and across the fullest part of one breast to the bone between your breasts. This gives a more accurate figure than measuring around your back and across both breasts. (You may need to ask someone to do this for you.) Double the number of inches obtained to give the full measurement. Then take away your bra size (measurement (1) above), and use the chart below to find your cup size.
For example:
measurement of half body = 20 inches
double this (20 x 2) = 40 inches
subtract bra size (1) = 40-36 = 4 inches (2).
Measurement (2) above Cup size
1 inch A
2 inches Â
3 inches Ñ
4 inches D
Therefore, in the example given above, the correct bra size is 36D.
This method is useful as a guide when buying a bra. However, sizes vary slightly amongst the different manufacturers, and the only way to be sure you get a well-fitting bra is to try some on.
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The principle of breaking the chain in the transmission of an infective illness became the king-pin of the measures taken to fight the next major health hazard to hit Europe-bubonic plague. By this time there were laws that made it an offence not to report plague to the health authorities. Many public health measures were adopted to control this killer disease but from the preventive medicine point of view perhaps the most important was the introduction of quarantine regulations. The pandemic of plague in the middle of the fourteenth century forced the public officials of Italy and southern France to create cordons sanitaires, observation stations, isolation facilities and disinfection procedures. By the seventeenth century these procedures were widely accepted throughout Europe.
All this effort effectively removed plague as a scourge and as England approached the eighteenth century it was a far healthier place to live than at any time since the Romans left 1,300 years before. At least the upper classes could look beyond the problems of immediate survival. It was from this group that the first real preventive medicine was to appear. In 1662 John Gaunt, a haberdasher, was the first to show that more boys were born than girls and that more births occurred in urban than rural areas. In 1676 William Petty wrote a book on Political Arithmetick which asserted that health and education were as much a part of a nation’s wealth and power as were its trade and manufacturing. This was something of a bombshell at a time when society simply didn’t think of health as a valued commodity. You were either healthy or sick. Petty, valuing the worth of a King’s subject at 20 a head, estimated that a 25 per cent reduction in natural death rate would add 4 million per year to the wealth of the nation. He estimated that it would take a century to achieve such a vast change in death rate but suggested that in the meantime the State should use the knowledge of illness rates to work out how many health-care professionals it needed.
Unfortunately, both of these far-sighted men were all but ignored-if only because they were centuries ahead of their contemporaries. Remember, this was a time during which people mainly accepted ill health as inevitable and during which the majority of society lived and worked with an overall condition of health that would appal most of us today. Chronic illness and early death were considered normal and diseases such as scurvy blighted the lives of millions yet did not kill them.
It was not until the eighteenth century that attitudes to health and disease began to change for the better-if only among the middle and upper classes. The concept that disease was simply divine retribution was being seriously questioned by the discovery that certain diseases at least had specific and provable causes. In 1757 James Lind proved that scurvy could be cured if sailors ate fresh fruit and vegetables, and environmental hazards such as lead poisoning were shown to be responsible for certain, hitherto mysterious, conditions. In 1798 Edward Jenner proved that smallpox could be prevented by vaccination and John Snow clearly proved the link between cholera and infected drinking-water supplies. Remember that all this was occurring long before bacteria were discovered.
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Sweet Almond: (Prunes amygadalus) oil is cold pressed from the kernel and is very pale yellow. Contains calcium, phosphorous, magnesium and is rich in protein.
It is the most versatile oil, light and easily absorbed by the skin. It can be used for any skin type for it promotes elasticity and slows down wrinkling. It helps to relieve itching, soreness, dryness and inflammation of the skin. Suitable for all skin types, and used in massage oils.
Wheatgerm: (Tritium durum or Ttitcum aestiva) the oil is extracted from seed, it is yellow to orange in colour. Rich in vitamin E&B6, protein, phosphorous, zinc, iron and sulphur. Because of its vitamin E content it is a natural anti-oxidant, use in a 10% dilution with other oils. The oil is used for all skin types, prematurely aged skin and helps to relieve symptoms of dermatitis, eczema and psoriasis.
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